Philosophical Problems Selected Readings in Socratic Dialogues, Ethics, Religion, Political Philosophy, Epistemology, and Metaphysics

Introducing Philosophy: THE SOCRATIC METHOD. 1. The Problem of Definition. Plato, Euthyphro: A Model of the Socratic Method. 2. The Problem of Clarification. Plato, The Apology: The Socratic Method as a Sustained Argument. 3. The Problem of Intellectual and Moral Consistency. Plato, Crito: The Socratic Method Regarding Obedience to Law. PART ONE: THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE: HOW DO WE KNOW? 4. The Beginnings of Knowledge. Bertrand Russell, Appearance and Reality. 5. The Ascent to True Knowledge. Plato, The Republic: The Divided Line and Cave. 6. Certainty and the Limits of Doubt. Rene Descartes, Meditations. 7. The Origin of All Our Ideas in Experience. John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 8. Empiricism and the Limits of Knowledge. David Hume, Inquiry Concerning Human Knowledge. 9. How Knowledge is Possible. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. 10. Pragmatism and the Enterprise of Knowing. William James, Pragmatism''s Notion of Truth. PART TWO: ATOMS VERSUS IDEAS: WHAT IS THERE? 11. Matter and Space: The Basis of All Things. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things. Sir Arthur Eddington, The Two Tables. 12. Consciousness, Not Matter, The True Reality. George Berkeley, Dialogues between Hylasand Philonous. PART THREE: CONCERNING THE EXISTENCE OF GOD: CAN WE PROVE THAT GODEXISTS? 13. The Ontological Argument. Anselm, Proslogium. 14. Proving God''s Existence From Experience. Aquinas, Summa Theologica. 15. Rejecting the Proof From Design. William Paley, The Analogy of the Watch. David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. PART FOUR: THEORIES OF ETHICS: HOW SHOULD WE BEHAVE? 17. Basing Ethics on Human Nature. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics. 18. Love of God as the Highest God. Saint Augustine, The Morals of the Catholic Church. 19. The Categorical Imperative Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals. 20. The Utilitarian Calculus of Pain and Pleasure. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism. 21. Turning Values Upside Down. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil. 22. Is There a Characteristically Feminine Voice Defining Morality? Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice. 23. Is There a Universal Standard for Ethics? Walter T. Stace, Absolutism and Relativism in Ethics. PART FIVE: CONCERNING THE FREEDOM OF THE WILL: ARE WE REALLY ABLE TOCHOOSE? 24. How Can We Explain Judgments of Regret? William James, The Dilemma of Determinism. 25. Human Beings as Controlled Puppets. John Hospers, Behavior Set from the Beginning. 26. Is Determinism Compatible with Freedom of the Will? W.T. Stace, Does the Presence of Any Cause Mean Determinism? 27. The Freedom of the Will. John Searle, Minds, Brains, and Science. PART SIX: POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: WHY SHOULD WE OBEY? 28. The Natural Basis of Society. Aristotle, Politics. 29. The Political Consequences of Biological Difference. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. Plato, The Equality of Women. Joyce Trebilcot, Sex Roles: The Argument from Nature. 30. The Moral Dimension of Law. Aquinas, The Treatise on Law. 31. The Basis of Sovereign Authority. Thomas Hobbes, De Cive. 32. Natural Rights and civil Society. John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government. 33. The Individual and the Limits of Government. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. 34. The Clash of Class Interests. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto. 35. Justice as Fairness. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice. PART SEVEN: DISCOVERING HUMAN NATURE: MIND AND BODY: WHAT AM I? 36. The Distinction Between Mind and Body. Rene Descartes, Meditations and The Passions of the Soul. 37. Descartes'' Myth. Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind. 38. The Mind-Body Problem: A Contemporary View. John Searle, Minds, Brains and Science. 39. Do Minds Survive After Death? Plato, Phaedo. Bertrand Russell, Death as the Final Event of the Self. John Perry, A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality. PART EIGHT: THE QUESTION OF HUMAN DESTINY: DOES LIFE HAVE A MEANING? 40. The Inevitability of the Question: "What Is the Meaning of Life?" Leo Tolstoy, My Confession. 41. An Ethical-Religious View of LIfe. David F. Swenson, The Dignity of Human Life. 42. The Absence of a Larger Design or Destiny. A.J. Ayer, The Meaning of Life. 43. The Human Condition. Jean-Paul Sartre, The Humanism of Existentialism.Stumpf, Samuel E. is the author of 'Philosophical Problems Selected Readings in Socratic Dialogues, Ethics, Religion, Political Philosophy, Epistemology, and Metaphysics' with ISBN 9780070621770 and ISBN 0070621772.