Longman Writer Rhetoric and Reader

* Denotes selections new to this edition. I. THE READING PROCESS. 1. Becoming a Strong Reader. Stage 1: Get an Overview of the Selection. Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection. Stage 3: Evaluate the Selection. * Ellen Goodman, Family Counterculture. II. THE WRITING PROCESS. 2. Getting Started Through Prewriting. Observations About the Writing Process. Use Prewriting to Get Started. Keep a Journal. Understand the Boundaries of the Assignment. Determine Your Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Point of View. Analyzing Your Audience: A Checklist. Discover Your Essay's Limited Subject. Generate Raw Material About Your Limited Subject. Organize the Raw Material. Activities: Getting Started Through Prewriting.3. Identifying a Thesis. What Is a Thesis? Finding a Thesis. Writing an Effective Thesis. Tone and Point of View. Implied Pattern of Development. Including a Plan of Development. Don't Write a Highly Opinionated Statement. Don't Make an Announcement. Don't Make a Factual Statement. Don't Make a Broad Statement. Arriving at an Effective Thesis. Placing the Thesis in an Essay. Activities: Identifying a Thesis.4. Supporting the Thesis with Evidence. What Is Evidence? How Do You Find Evidence? How the Patterns of Development Help Generate Evidence. Characteristics of Evidence. The Evidence Is Relevant and Unified. The Evidence Is Specific. The Evidence Is Adequate. The Evidence Is Dramatic. The Evidence Is Accurate. The Evidence Is Representative. The Evidence Is Documented. Activities: Supporting the Thesis with Evidence.5. Organizing the Evidence. Use the Patterns of Development. Select an Organizational Approach. Chronological Approach. Spatial Approach. Emphatic Approach. Simple-to-Complex Approach. Prepare an Outline. Guidelines for Outlining: A Checklist. Activities: Organizing the Evidence.6. Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft. How to Move from Outline to First Draft. General Suggestions on How to Proceed. If You Get Bogged Down. A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft. Write the Supporting Paragraphs. Write Other Paragraphs in the Essay's Body. Write the Introduction. Write the Conclusion. Write the Title. Pulling It All Together. Sample First Draft. Harriet Davids,Challenges for Today's Parents. Activities: Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft.7. Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development. Strategies to Make Revision Easier. Set Your First Draft Aside for a While. Work from Typed or Printed Text. Read the Draft Aloud. Participate in Peer Review. Evaluate and Respond to Peer Review. Evaluate and Respond to Your Instructor's Comments. View Revision as a Series of Steps. Revising Overall Meaning and Structure. Revise Overall Meaning and Structure: A Checklist. Revising Paragraph Development. Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development. Activities: Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development.8. Revising Sentences and Words. Revising Sentences. Make Sentences Consistent with Your Tone. Make Sentences Economical. Vary Sentence Type. Vary Sentence Length. Make Sentences Emphatic. Revising Sentences: A Checklist. Revising Words. Make Words Consistent with Your Tone. Use an Appropriate Level of Diction. Avoid Words That Overstate or Understate. Select Words with Appropriate Connotations. Use Specific Rather Than General Words. Use Strong Verbs. Delete Unnecessary Adverbs. Use Original Figures of Speech. Avoid Sexist Language. ReviNadell, Judith is the author of 'Longman Writer Rhetoric and Reader', published 2003 under ISBN 9780205334575 and ISBN 0205334571.