Fuentes de Onoro 1811: Wellington's Liberation of Portugal (Praeger Illustrated Military History Series,)

In the winter of 1809-10 Viscount Wellington, confronted by the prospect of facing formidable French forces in Spain without the aid of his Spanish allies, the construction of the massive defensive lines of Torres Vedras north of Lisbon. They consisted of a formidable three-line system of field earthworks and fortifications which stretched for some 30 miles from the coast to the river Tagus. Marshal Massena had been completely unaware of the existence of this massive line of defenses until he found himself confronted by them. Unable to find the key to unlock Wellington's fortifications, running out of food and with winter approaching Massena was faced with the prospect of watching his army starve where it stood. He had no choice but to withdraw into Spain. After a bitter winter of frontier skirmishing the French again took the offensive. Soult moved to Badjoz and Massena advanced to relieve Almeida which Wellington had invested. At Fuentes de Onoro Massena and Wellington's armies clashed in a hard fought contest. Wellington lost 1,800 men, Massna 2,700 but the French failed to break Wellington's siege and were forced to withdraw. Massena was relieved of his command in disgrace to be relieved by Marshal Marmont.Rene Chartrand is the author of 'Fuentes de Onoro 1811: Wellington's Liberation of Portugal (Praeger Illustrated Military History Series,)' with ISBN 9780275986230 and ISBN 0275986233.